Military Science and Tactics

Military Science and Tactics

Systematic study of Robustness in command and control system

Document Type : Research/Original/Regular Article

Authors
ahmad mohammadi 1
Hossein valivand zamani 2
1 Assistant Professor, AJA Command and Staff University, Tehran, Iran
2 Professor of AJA Command and Staff University, Tehran, Iran.
10.22034/qjmst.2025.2001548.1883
Abstract
The increase in rapid environmental changes has caused command and control systems (as one of the requirements of organizations involved in crisis management) to show unpredictable behavior in the face of unexpected disturbances in the operational environment. The survivability, endurance and stability of the network and its centers in such conditions will enable the implementation of the operation and guarantee its success. Operational command, under the authority of a unified and "sustainable" command and control network, can pursue operational success. The present study tried to systematically evaluate and analyze the results and findings of previous studies and explain “Robustness” in command and control systems with a qualitative approach and using Meta-synthesis method. The researched community was the articles available in the field of “Robustness” in the world's authoritative scientific databases from 1990 to 2022 in the number of 1020 articles, among which 23 suitable articles were identified and selected by judgmental sampling method. The findings of the content analysis were the extraction of 36 codes, which were classified in the form of 5 components including “Robustness”, “resilience”, “flexibility”, “agility” and "resistance". Also, for the purpose of conceptual model and inference from the results, ATLAS.ti software was used. The result of the research showed that “Robustness” is a superior capability of the system, which is based on the four adjacent capabilities of “flexibility”, “agility”, “resilience” and “resistance”.
Keywords
Meta-synthesis
Robustness
command and control system
Subjects
 
·         Azkea M. , Tavakolle M (2006). Meta-analysis of studies of job satisfaction in educational organizations, The Journal of Social Sciences, 1, 26- 27.
·         Benderbal, H. H. , Dahane, M. and Benyoucef, L. (2015). A new Robustness index for machines selection in reconfigurable manufacturing system, in Framinan, J. M. , Gonzalez, P. P. and Artiba, A. (Eds), Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Systems Management, Seville, 21-23 October 2015, Seville, 21-23 October 2015, IEEE, pp. 1019-1026.
·         Christian Stockmann, Herwig Winkler and Martin Kunath (2020). Robustness assessment in production systems, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany, https: //www. emerald. com/insight/ 1741-038X. htm.
·         Edwards M. , Davies M. , Edwards A (2009). What are the external influences on information exchange and shared decision-making in healthcare consultations: A meta-synthesis of the literature, Patient education and counseling, 75(1): 37-52.
·         F. Matthijs (1999). Compontent Framework Technology for Protocol Stacks. PhD thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Dec. Available at http: //www. cs. kuleuven. ac. be/ samm/netwg/dips/index. html.
·         Giliberto Capano , Jun Jie Woo (2017). Resilience and robustness in policy design: A critical appraisal,  Springer Science+Business Media New York. Policy Sci DOI 10. 1007/s11077-016-9273-x.
·         Kim-Cohen, j. (2007). Resilience and Developmental Psychopathology. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America, 16(2), 271–283.
·         L. Garcia, D. B. Karr, and R. L. Thomas. (2012). Resilient computer system design, Computer, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 62-69.
·         Lugert, A. , Batz, A. and Winkler, H. (2018). Empirical assessment of the future adequacy of value stream mapping in manufacturing industries, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, Vol. 29 No. 5, pp. 886-906, doi: 10. 1108/JMTM-11-2017-0236.
·         Madjid Tavana, Dawn A. Trevisani, Jerry L. Dussault. (2014). The fuzzy stability model: an interactive framework for measuring robustness and resiliency under uncertainty, International Journal of Data Analysis Techniques and Strategies, Volume 6Issue 2June 2014 pp 137–161 https: //doi. org/10. 1504/IJDATS. 2014. 062460.
·         McAllister, M. , McKinnon, J. (2008). The importance of teaching and learning resilience in the health disciplines: A critical review of the literature, Nurse Education Today. in press
·         N. Strickera, G. Lanza (2014). The concept of robustness in production systems and its correlation to disturbances, Robust Manufacturing Conference, ScienceDirect, Available online at www. sciencedirect. com, Procedia CIRP 19 (2014 ) 87 – 92.
·         Oliver Krueckel, Annett Heidler, Nicola von Luedinghausen, Markus Auschek, Matthias Soest (2019). The Routledge International Handbook of Military Psychology and Mental Health, p: 13.
·         Polowy, Bretton. Teaching and Learning from an Anti-Fragile Perspective. Taboo 15/1(2016): 11.
·         Robert E. Ball (2003). The Fundamentals of Aircraft Combat Survivability Analysis and Design”, Second Edition, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Education Series, p: 84.
·         S. D. Gribble (2001). Robustness in complex systems, Proceedings Eighth Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, pp. 21-26, doi: 10. 1109/HOTOS. 2001. 990056.
·         Sandelowski M. , Barroso J. , Voils C. I (2007). Using qualitative metasummary to synthesize qualitative and quantitative descriptive findings, Research in Nursing & Health, 30(1): 99-111.
·         Seebacher, G. and Winkler, H. (2015). A capability approach to evaluate supply chain flexibility, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 167, pp. 177-186, doi: 10. 1016/j. ijpe. 2015. 05. 035.
·         Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. Antifragile. (2012). Things that gain from disorder. Vol. 3. Random House Incorporated,.
·         Tolio, T. , Urgo, M. and V_ancza, J. (2011). Robust production control against propagation of disruptions, CIRP Annals, Vol. 60 No. 1, pp. 489-492, doi: 10. 1016/j. cirp. 2011. 03. 047.
·         Yao Yang, Bao-Xin Xiu, Ting-Ting Yang, Wei-Ming Zhang and Wei-Dong Bao (2015). The Robustness of Agile C2 Organizations”, Science and technology on Information Systems Engineering Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, ChangSha, HuNan, China.
·         Zangiacomi, A. , Pessot, E. , Fornasiero, R. , Bertetti, M. and Sacco, M. (2020). Moving towards digitalization: a multiple case study in manufacturing”, Production Planning and Control, Vol. 31 Nos 2-3, pp. 143-157, doi: 10. 1080/09537287. 2019. 1631468.
·         Zhiting Song, Yangming Sun (2016). Robustness Management with data quality in information system, International Journal of Hybrid Information Technology, vol. 9, No. 9, pp. 147-164.
·         Zimmer L (2006). Qualitative meta‐synthesis: A question of dialoguing with texts, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53(3): 311-318.
Military Science and Tactics
Volume 22, Issue 76
Summer 2026
Pages 61-94